Dynamic transmission of West Nile virus across the United States-Mexican border.

Importance of vertical and horizontal transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens in the Northeastern United States.

West Nile virus (WNV) has become established in the northeastern United States, where mosquitoes are inactive during winter. There have been no documented studies to explain how this virus survives winter and reinitiates infection in spring. We report that WNV was vertically transmitted to 2 F(1) female Culex pipiens from a naturally infected female collected in Stratford, Connecticut. One vert...

Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of West Nile Virus

From 1937 until 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) garnered scant medical attention as the cause of febrile illness and sporadic encephalitis in parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe. After the surprising detection of WNV in New York City in 1999, the virus has spread dramatically westv*/ard across the United States, southward into Central America and the Caribbean, and northward into Canada, resulting in...

Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of West Nile Virus Disease

From 1937 until 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) garnered scant medical attention as the cause of febrile illness and sporadic encephalitis in parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe. After the surprising detection of WNV in New York City in 1999, the virus has spread dramatically westward across the United States, southward into Central America and the Caribbean, and northward into Canada, resulting in t...

Ecological Factors Associated with West Nile Virus Transmission, Northeastern United States

West Nile Virus in Mexico: Evidence of Widespread Circulation since July 2002.

West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were detected in horses from five Mexican states, and WNV was isolated from a Common Raven in the state of Tabasco. Phylogenetic studies indicate that this isolate, the first from Mexico, is related to strains from the central United States but has a relatively high degree of sequence divergence.